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People have used cannabis for its medicinal benefits for centuries, from ancient Egypt to India. Today, it's still a subject of interest in the UK, with many looking into how it might help manage conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia.
There are three main types of cannabis plants: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. And research shows that hundreds of different cannabis strains within these groups can work in different ways. For instance, this 2020 study found that strains higher in CBD may help with anxiety and epilepsy, while strains higher in THC are often more effective for pain relief. Ongoing research continues to explore how specific strains target various conditions.
With so many strains available, how do you know which one is right for you? In this article, we’ll break down the differences and explain how your doctor can recommend the best medical cannabis strain to suit your needs.
A General Overview of Cannabis Strains
Cannabis is usually grouped into three of the following types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. These categories are used to describe how and where the plants grow, but can also help give a basic idea of what to expect from different strains, but recent research shows there’s more to it than that.
Indica strains are generally known for their relaxing, ‘body’ based effects and are often used to help with sleep or chronic pain. Sativa strains are often thought to be more energising, which can help improve mood or reduce tiredness. Hybrid strains combine Indica and Sativa qualities, offering a mix of effects depending on the blend.
However, experts now suggest that the effects of cannabis strains depend more on their chemical makeup than whether they’re labelled Indica or Sativa. This study found that the levels of chemicals like THC, CBD, and terpenes have a bigger impact on how a strain works than the traditional categories. Similarly, this study in Scientific Reports showed that even within these categories, strains can act differently because of their unique genetics.
This means that how a strain affects you depends on its chemical profile and your body’s response, not just whether it’s categorised as Indica, Sativa, or Hybrid. That’s why it’s important to consult with your doctor to find the strain that works best for your individual needs.
Indica vs. Sativa: Understanding the Basics
When it comes to medical cannabis, the strains you may be prescribed can fall into those three categories: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. While your doctor will recommend a strain based on your needs, it’s useful to know the general characteristics of each.
Characteristics of Indica
Indica plants are shorter and bushier, with broad leaves and Indica strains are often associated with a calming, sedating effect. Studies like this New England one have shown that Indica strains are more commonly recommended for relieving chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety due to their ability to promote physical relaxation.
Indica plants, in their purest form, also tend to have higher levels of cannabidiol (CBD), which can contribute to these soothing effects.
Some people feel that Indica strains have the following effects:
- Body relaxation
- Sleep aid for insomnia
- Relief from muscle tension and chronic pain
Characteristics of Sativa
Sativa strains are known for their more stimulating and uplifting properties. These strains, in their purest form, have higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (also known as THC—the component in cannabis that produces a “high”), which can boost energy levels and improve mood. While not typically prescribed for conditions like insomnia, Sativa strains are sometimes recommended to help with symptoms of depression, and fatigue, or to stimulate appetite.
Sativa plants are taller with narrow leaves and thrive in warmer climates.
Some people feel that Sativa strains have the following effects:
- Mental clarity and focus
- Enhanced creativity and energy
- Mood elevation
While Indica and Sativa serve as useful categories, the actual effects you’ll experience depend on several factors, including the strain’s cannabinoid and terpene profile, as well as your personal body chemistry. It's always important to work closely with your doctor to find the right fit for your needs.
Hybrid Strains: The Best of Both Worlds
Hybrid strains combine effects from both Indica and Sativa, making them useful for different therapeutic needs. By blending different strains, hybrids can have specific CBD and THC levels, which allows doctors to offer more tailored treatments. Research shows they can help manage things like anxiety, pain, or appetite loss, giving patients a more personalised option than just using Indica or Sativa alone.
Although, it isn’t always that simple. A patient will often need to try a number of strains until they find the right one for their symptoms. This is due to individual differences and variations in terpene and cannabinoid content across various batches and phenotypes of similar strains.
Terpenes and Their Role in Cannabis
While most people focus on THC and CBD when choosing cannabis strains, terpenes also play a big role in the effects of cannabis. The zingy freshness of lemon zest, the pungent aroma of rosemary and the relaxing fragrance of lavender are just some examples of terpenes in action every day.
Terpenes are the compounds naturally found in plants that give them their aromas and flavours and they are all around us. Approximately 20,000 terpenes have been identified in plants with over 150 different terpenes identified in cannabis.
In cannabis, terpenes not only affect the aroma but might also play a role in how cannabinoids like THC and CBD work in the body. While research is ongoing, some studies suggest they may boost the therapeutic effects of these cannabinoids.
Finding the Right Cannabis Strain for Your Needs
Identifying the right cannabis strain can feel complicated, but the most important thing is to work with your doctor — they will help recommend a strain that fits your medical needs.
You may need to try a few different strains, or forms, before you find the right option for your symptoms. Communication with your doctor is key in finding suitable alternatives if you feel that a strain isn’t as effective as it could be. It could also turn out that you benefit from a different form of the same strain, such as a vape cartridge, or an oil.
Since everyone’s body reacts differently, your doctor will always recommend starting low and going slow — small doses are always the best way to figure out how a strain affects you.
Common Misconceptions and Considerations
There are a lot of myths about cannabis strains, and it’s important to clear up a few common ones:
Myth: Indica always makes you sleepy, and Sativa always energises you.
The reality is more complex. The effects of a strain depend more on its cannabinoid and terpene profile than just whether it’s called Indica or Sativa. Your personal body chemistry and the exact strain's composition play a big role in how you feel.
Myth: More THC means a better experience.
Higher THC levels don’t necessarily lead to a better result. In fact, for many patients, a balanced combination of THC and CBD can provide a smoother and more enjoyable experience, especially for those new to medical cannabis.
Myth: All cannabis strains offer the same benefits.
Not all strains are equal when it comes to medicinal benefits. Different strains are better suited for specific conditions, depending on their unique chemical makeup. That’s why working with a medical professional is crucial to finding the right strain for your condition.
Summary
Cannabis is classified into three main types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. Each type can offer a different mix of effects that may help treat various symptoms.
While Indica is often associated with relaxation, Sativa tends to offer more energising effects, and Hybrids combine traits from both. However, this is not always the case and when considering effects, cannabinoid and terpene content should also be taken into account. Doctors can recommend specific types of cannabis to suit your individual needs.
Want to learn more about whether cannabis could be a suitable option for your needs? Book an Alternaleaf appointment today to find out more.